Sociology

A) Concept Definition: Explain four of the following concepts (no more than one paragraph for each concept) . Be sure to explain the concepts with reference to the relevant writers.
Falsification
Scientific norm
The norm of universalism in science
Scientific paradigm
Anomaly
Incommensurability
Translation
B) Short Answer Questions: Answer two of the following questions (no more than one page each)
1) Popper writes that scholars and laypeople often believe that what distinguishes science from non-science is the use of formal methods of observation. Why is this criterion of demarcation unsatisfactory for Popper? How does falsifiability provide, for Popper, a better solution to determining if certain theories are scientific?
2) In “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” Thomas Kuhn argues that normal science inevitably runs into a crisis. Why is it necessarily the case? Is there a way to avoid scientific crises?


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